All books are the property of their respective owners. Coagulationflocculation sswm find tools for sustainable. Coagulation flocculation process in the removal of trace. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Coagulation and flocculation are designed to remove infectious agents, remove toxic compounds that have adsorbed to the surface of particles, remove precursors to the formation of disinfection byproducts, and make the water palatable. In this study, effectiveness of ferric chloride addition to treatment process during the.
Pdf coagulationflocculation processes in waterwastewater. Thus, we can understand the process of coagulation and flocculation with the help of examples derived from water treatment techniques. Coagulation, flocculation and clarification of drinking water. This step typically uses the difference in density between the water and the suspended material for separation. Study on the factors affecting coagulation and flocculation. This manual is designed to help you keep your treatment plants coagulation and filtration processes operating at optimum efficiency. Synthetic high molecular weight polyacrylamides are the most commonly used flocculants. During flocculation, a process of gentle mixing brings the fine particles formed by coagulation into contact with each other.
After coagulation the destabilized particles can collide, aggregate so flocs can be formed. Suspended particles vary in source, charge, particle size, shape. Since water treatment is a very sensitive and important process it requires the presence of both physical and chemical processes. Difference between coagulation and flocculation in water. Flocculant dilution effects on flocculation in mineral processing csiro minerals down under flagship phillip fawell p266g project leader 12 july 2012. Other costs can arise from the need of a system to periodically remove and dispose of the sediment. Coagulation and flocculation in water and wastewater. The suspended particles vary considerably in source, composition charge, particle size.
The coagulationflocculation processes facilitate the removal of ss and colloidal particles. Both these techniques are employed in the treatment of water. Coagulation flocculation process has been employed by several workers sletten et al. This help is called flocculation which is the slow stirring or gentle agitation to aggregate the destabilized particles and form a rapid settling floc. Coagulation is a water treatment process that causes very small suspended particles to attract to one another and form larger. Analysis and optimization of coagulation and flocculation process.
Then, these big flocs were allowed to settle down for a couple of hours by the force of gravitation. Coagulation is the step where colloidal par ticles similar t o spheres of a diameter of less than 1 micrometer are destabilized. Flocculation is gentle stirring or agitation to encourage. The best flocculation is usually achieved in a compartmentalized basin. Whether youve loved the book or not, if you give your honest and detailed thoughts then people will find new books that are right for them.
Flocculation, in the field of chemistry, is a process in which colloids come out of suspension in. Invaluble for water scientists, engineers and students of this field, coagulation and flocculation in water and wastewater treatment is a convenient reference handbook in the form of numerous examples and appended information. Flocculants, with their very high molecular weights long monomer chain and their charge content, fix the destabilized particles and aggregates along the polymer chain. Calculate the concentration in percent of a polymer solution if 30 g of dry polymer is mixed with 1 gallon of water. Coagulation and flocculation prepared by husam alnajar the islamic university of gaza environmental engineering department water treatment eenv 4331. Coagulation and flocculation are two main and important steps in drinking and wastewater treatment. However, they can be commonly adopted for destabilizing any suspension system. Coagulation and flocculation practices are essential pretreatments for many water purification systems in conventional coagulation flocculation sedimentation, a coagulant is added to the source water to create an attraction among the suspended particles.
Aluminum sulfate alum is the most common coagulant used for water purification. What is the difference between coagulation and flocculation in water treatment. Coagulation, particles will be ready to a tract and agglomerate and form flocs. It is an integral treatment step in the surface or underground waters. Coagulation and flocculation are an essential part of drinking water treatment as well as wastewater treatment.
Chemicals coagulants are added to the water to bring the nonsettling particles together into larger, heavier masses of solids called floc. What is coagulation and flocculation in wastewater treatment. Example problem for designing a flocculation basin. Correct application of coagulation and flocculation processes and selection of the. A water treatment plant receives a 11% polymer solution. Pdf coagulationflocculation process for produced water. The purpose of coagulation and flocculation is to remove particulate impurities, especially nonsettleable solids and colour from the water being treated. Coagulation clumps contaminants together so they are more easily removed. This aggregation is called microscale flocculation or perikinetic flocculation. Doc experiment 4 coagulation and flocculation lab report. Coagulation flocculation is used widely during water or wastewater treatment. Consider the use of cationic polymers in a suspension of wood fiber fines with negative surface charges.
Flocculants are large polymeric molecules that bind together smaller flocs produced by coagulation. The optimum ph, dosage and mixing time needed to achieve the best performance of chitosan in flocculation. Flocculation is the binding or physical enmeshment of these destabilized particles, and results in a slime that is heavier than water, which settles out in a clarifier. Coagulation and flocculation in water and wastewater treatment is a readable and useful resource for the water scientist and engineer. If the turbidity and colour of the raw water are not much higher than is permissible for drinking water, it should be possible to avoid chemical coagulation in the treatment of the water. Ene 806 project report 2 coagulation and flocculation. Coagulation and flocculation american water college. Calculate the concentration in percent of a polymer solution if 300 g of dry polymer is mixed with 15 gallons of water. Written by aos treatment solutions on april 3, 2018. Coagulation and flocculation remove infectious agents, remove toxic compounds that have adsorbed to the surface of particles, remove precursors to the formation of disinfection byproducts, and make the water palatable.
Coagulation involves the use of a coagulant which has the potential to destabilize the previously stabilized charged. Ramavandi, 2014 ramavandi, 2014evaluated the coagulation potential of fcefecl3inducedcrudeextract obtained. Sweep flocculation is the primary mechanism used for drinking water treatment and will be the focus of this lesson. The amount of chemical you use is an important consideration for a green engineer. Pdf waste water treatment by coagulation and flocculation. Flocculation in the papermaking system is analogous to coagulation, except that a charged polymer is used either to decrease the repulsive forces or to act with several particles at one time bridging to achieve aggregation. The discussion on coagulation includes details of chemical coagulants and polyelectrolytes used in the process. Coagulation, flocculation and clarification of drinking water terry l. Another type of tanks combine between flocculation and sedimentation in one tank and called solid contact flocculator clarifier. Apr 03, 2018 what is coagulation and flocculation in water and wastewater treatment. Correct application of coagulation and flocculation processes and selection.
The coagulation flocculation processes facilitate the removal of suspended and colloidal particles. Coagulation and flocculation for wastewater treatment represent tested ways to improve efficiency and remove a high volume of particles. Experiment 4 coagulation and flocculation lab report. Bantcheva department of chemical engineering, university of durban westville, south africa abstract the introduction of wastewater treatments increases the plant cost.
Coagulation and flocculation processes are used to separate the suspended solids portion from the water. Removal of turbidity by coagulation depends on the type of colloids in suspension, the temperature, ph, chemical. Both processes involve the union of different suspended particles together. M37 operational control of coagulation and filtration. If you do not see its contents the file may be temporarily unavailable at the journal website or you do not have a pdf plugin installed and enabled in your browser. But the phenomena are also wellknown from everyday life especially coagulation. Flocculation and dispersion behavior of soil clays differs significantly from that of pure clay systems, possibly because soil clays usually occur as mixtures and because of their association with other minerals and organic matter present in the soil. The process of coalescence is known as flocculation. Nonsettleable particles in water are removed by the use of coagulating chemicals. From my course ees 3030, water treatment systems, in the department of environmental engineering and earth sciences at clemson university. This article provides an overview of the processes and looks at the latest thinking. The manual has all the information needed to design and operate jar tests, online monitoring and control, flocculation, clarification, filtration, and pilot tests.
Calculate how much polymer should be mixed with 50 gallons of water to produce a 0. Coagulation and flocculation in water treatment prepared by. Prospects and challenges of using coagulationflocculation. Most often three basins separated by baffles to prevent. Sweep flocculation occurs with the addition of iron or aluminum, usually added as ferric sulfate or aluminum sulfate, which can easily dissolve into the water. Terminology of polymers and polymerization processes in dispersed systems iupac recommendations 2011 pdf. Flocculant dilution effects on flocculation in mineral processing.
Material for this article was largely taken from reference 1. Coagulation, flocculation and clarification of drinking. But this agglomeration is slow and they need help to accelerate this agglomeration. Thus, the primary mechanism of aggregation is through brownian motion. It is a convenient reference handbook providing numerous examples and appended information and it is a vital text for course material for. This knowledge will provide a basis for understanding the needs of the. Suspended particles vary in source, charge, particle size, shape, and density. Wtrg16 coagulation and flocculation 5115 8 flocculation process flocculation is a slow stirring process that causes the gathering together of small, coagulated particles into larger, settleable particles. Coagulation and flocculation prepared by husam alnajar the islamic university of gaza environmental engineering department water treatment eenv 4331 colour in water.
Pdf coagulation and flocculation treatment of wastewater. Flocculation agents are natural synthetic polymers and synthetic organic polymers used to form the flocculant figure 1 demonstrates the flocculation process in the clarifier by the merging horizontal lines. Now that you have completed this portion of the research phase, it is time to. The process of agglomeration of the destabilized particles to such a size that separation by sedimentation and filtration is possible. Coagulation and floculation describe the chemical process of contact and adhesion whereby the particles of a dispersion colloids form largersize cluster flocs or flakes allowing them to be more easely removed from water e. Other readers will always be interested in your opinion of the books youve read. Destabilization of colloids is independentof the concentrationof colloidsin liquid it is not possible to cause charge reversal on a colloid regardless of how theamountof electrolyte requiredtoachieve coagulation bydouble layercompression muchelectrolyteis added example. A new way to treat the waste water 105 2sulfoethyl methacrylate is of limited commercial value owing to the hydrolytic instability of the ester linkage.
In current terminology sedimentation is one of a number of processes that. Coagulation and flocculation play a dominant role in many water and wastewater treatment, schemes. Start studying coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration. To aid this floc to coalesce with neighbouring particles and grow into larger flocs with more settleable masses, the water is gently stirred. This site does not host pdf files, does not store any files on its server, all document are the property of their respective owners. Calculate how much polymer should be mixed with 300 gallons of water to produce a 0. Coagulation is a process to neutralize charges and then to form a gelatinous mass to trap or bridge particles thus forming a mass large enough to settle or be trapped in the filter. Coagulation and flocculation are used to separate the suspended solids portion from the water. A few studies demonstrate that the fv values of soil clays is two to tenfold higher than for pure clay systems figure 8. Safe drinking water is essential coagulationflocculation. Coagulation and flocculation in water and wastewater treatment provides a comprehensive account of coagulation and flocculation techniques and technologies in a single volume covering theoretical principles to practical applications. The information in this brochure is provided in good faith. Microscale flocculation the flocculation of small particles less than 0.
These fundamentals serve as a basis for compliance with multiple treatment objectives and prepare the reader for additional detail introduced later in this manual. Coagulationflocculation process for produced water treatment. The suspended particles vary considerably in source, composition charge, particle size, shape, and density. In a second experiment, river water ph was adjusted at different phs between 4. Coagulation and flocculation process fundamentals 1 coagulation and flocculation. Study on the factors affecting coagulation and flocculation in treatment of industrial effluents i. Groundwater and surface water contain both dissolved and suspended particles. Engelhardt application development manager drinking water hach company photo by author the intent of this paper is to provide cursory information about coagulation, flocculation and clarification. Coagulation and flocculation are wellknown techniques within wastewater treatment. Coagulation is the destabilization of colloidal particles brought about by the addition of a chemical reagent called as coagulant. Review the documents for the research phase of the frame engineering design model. Its used in the first stage of solidsliquids separation. They are typically used for treatment of wastewater containing colloids suspended particles and metal ions. Coagulation vs flocculation in water treatment coagulation is an important step in.
What links here related changes upload file special pages permanent link page information. Coagulation and flocculation involves the removal of suspended solids and turbidity from water to prepare it for use or for further treatment. Flocculation is a process of formation of large stable flocs that either sediment or float. Key difference coagulation vs flocculation in water treatment water treatment is an important aspect which involves many different steps. Flocculation agents are natural synthetic polymers and synthetic organic polymers used to form the flocculant figure 1 demonstrates the flocculation process in the. Water is clarified using the processes of coagulation and flocculation, which remove suspended solids. Difference between coagulation and flocculation coagulation. In the coagulation process, chemicals are added which will. Therefore, this study was carried out to analyze the effect of chitosan in clarifying textile wastewater in flocculation process in different experimental conditions.
Coagulationflocculation process for produced water. The main mechanism of coagulationflocculation of polymers is the sweeping action due. Other chemicals, such as ferric sulfate or sodium aluminate, may also be used. Apr 27, 2016 coagulation and flocculation in water treatment prepared by. Analysis and optimization of coagulation and flocculation. Flocculants are reagents that achieve flocculation. The rate of flocculation is relative to the rate at which the particles diffuse. The rapidmixing characteristics of a flocculation basin are investigated using highperformance computational models rapid mixing rapid mixing the rapidmixing characteristics of a flocculation basin are investigated using highperformance computational models rapid mixing civl 1112 water treatment coagulation and flocculation 47. There follows, during the flocculation step,an increase in the size of the particlespresent in the water phase resulting in the formation of flocs. Introduction the need to clarify water aesthetics and health colloids impart color and turbidity to water aesthetical acceptability microbes are colloids too 042716 water treatment 2. Coagulation and flocculation are two processes commonly used in water treatment in order to get rid of unwanted suspended material in water.
Flocculation brings the deestablished colloidal particles together and they form large aggregates. Once coagulation has taken place, a very fine precipitate or floc will form. Since each water from different source will have its own material content, people always try to find the optimal dosage of coagulant according to both economic and efficient aspects. A water treatment plant receives a 5% polymer solution. Coagulation and flocculation in water and wastewater treatment. Zawawi et al 2015 studied the efficiency of coagulation and flocculation processes for eliminating suspended solid ss, cod,color and oil and grease from biodiesel wastewater 14.
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